Sikh History Museum — A Journey Through Time

1469

The Guru Period

The Guru Period traces the formation and development of the Sikh tradition from the birth of Guru Nanak Dev Ji through the ten Gurus. It covers the growth of the Sikh community, its institutions, sacred scripture, Miri-Piri, major martyrdoms, the creation of the Khalsa, and the transition of spiritual authority to Guru Granth Sahib.

1

1469

The Birth of Guru Nanak

Guru Nanak Dev Ji is born at Rai Bhoi Ki Talwandi, beginning a spiritual journey that would transform religious and social thought in Punjab.

2

1500s

The Founding of the Sikh Community

Guru Nanak establishes a community centred on one God, honest living, equality, remembrance of the Divine, and service to humanity.

3

1539

Guru Angad and the Gurmukhi Tradition

Guru Angad Dev Ji strengthens the Sikh community and develops Gurmukhi as a script for recording and sharing the teachings.

4

1552

Guru Amar Das and Sikh Institutions

Guru Amar Das Ji expands the Sikh community, strengthens the langar tradition, and establishes important administrative and social institutions.

5

1574

Guru Ram Das and the Founding of Amritsar

Guru Ram Das Ji establishes Ramdaspur, which grows into Amritsar, one of the most important spiritual centres of Sikhism.

6

1581

Guru Arjan Becomes the Fifth Guru

Guru Arjan Dev Ji leads the Sikh community during a period of significant growth and oversees the development of Amritsar.

7

1604

The Adi Granth is Installed

Guru Arjan Dev Ji compiles the Adi Granth, bringing together the sacred compositions of the Sikh Gurus and other spiritual traditions.

8

1606

The Martyrdom of Guru Arjan

Guru Arjan Dev Ji becomes the first Sikh Guru to be martyred, profoundly shaping the Sikh understanding of faith, courage and sacrifice.

9

1606

Miri-Piri and the Akal Takht

Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji establishes the Akal Takht and articulates the principle of Miri-Piri, connecting spiritual authority with temporal responsibility.

10

1644

Guru Har Rai and the Sikh Community

Guru Har Rai Ji continues the Sikh tradition while emphasizing compassion, service, spiritual discipline and protection of the vulnerable.

11

1661

Guru Har Krishan and Service to Humanity

Guru Har Krishan Ji serves communities affected by illness in Delhi, becoming remembered for compassion, humility and selfless service.

12

1675

The Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur

Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji sacrifices his life defending freedom of conscience and religious belief, becoming a powerful symbol of resistance to oppression.

13

1699

The Creation of the Khalsa

Guru Gobind Singh Ji establishes the Khalsa at Anandpur Sahib, creating a disciplined community committed to courage, equality and spiritual sovereignty.

14

1705

The Sahibzade and the Great Martyrdoms

The younger Sahibzade are executed at Sirhind while the elder Sahibzade die in battle, becoming enduring symbols of courage and sacrifice.

15

1708

Guru Granth Sahib — The Eternal Guru

Guru Gobind Singh Ji declares the Guru Granth Sahib the eternal Guru, establishing the scripture as the continuing spiritual authority of the Sikhs.

1708

Warrior Saints & The Sikh Empire

The second period follows the Sikh community’s transformation into a major political and military power. It covers Banda Singh Bahadur, resistance and martyrdom, the Ghallugharas, the rise of the Sikh Misls, the capture of Lahore, and the consolidation and expansion of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Sikh Empire.

16

1708

Banda Singh Bahadur Takes Up the Khalsa Cause

Banda Singh Bahadur begins a campaign in Punjab inspired by Guru Gobind Singh Ji, challenging Mughal authority and establishing Sikh-controlled territories.

17

1710

The Khalsa Revolt and the Rise of Sikh Rule

Banda Singh Bahadur captures important territories, introduces administrative changes and establishes an early form of Sikh political authority.

18

1716

The Martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur

Banda Singh Bahadur and his companions are executed in Delhi, becoming symbols of resistance, sacrifice and commitment to the Khalsa.

19

1738–39

Nadir Shah Invades Punjab

Nadir Shah's invasion exposes political instability while Sikh groups increasingly emerge as an independent force in Punjab.

20

1746

The Chhota Ghallughara

Mughal forces attack Sikh communities near Kahnuwan, resulting in significant casualties and becoming remembered as the First Sikh Holocaust.

21

1757

Baba Deep Singh and the Defence of Amritsar

Baba Deep Singh Ji leads Sikh forces towards Amritsar, fighting to defend the sanctity of the Harmandir Sahib.

22

1762

The Vadda Ghallughara

Ahmad Shah Durrani's forces attack Sikh groups near Kup-Rohira, causing devastating losses but failing to eliminate the Sikh community.

23

1765

The Sikhs Capture Lahore

Sikh forces enter Lahore and establish control, marking a significant step toward independent Sikh political authority in Punjab.

24

1760s–1780s

The Rise of the Sikh Misls

Twelve major Sikh confederacies emerge across Punjab, developing military, political and territorial networks that shape the future Sikh state.

25

1783

Baghel Singh and the Sikhs in Delhi

Sikh forces under Baghel Singh enter Delhi and establish control over several historic gurdwara sites associated with Sikh history.

26

1799

Ranjit Singh Captures Lahore

Ranjit Singh captures Lahore, establishing the political centre from which he would consolidate territories across Punjab.

27

1801

Maharaja Ranjit Singh is Crowned

Ranjit Singh assumes the title of Maharaja, marking the formal emergence of the Sikh Empire under his leadership.

28

1818

The Sikh Empire Expands Across Punjab

Sikh forces expand westward and southward, bringing large parts of Punjab and neighbouring territories under the Sikh Empire.

29

1830s

The Golden Age of the Sikh Empire

Lahore becomes the centre of a powerful and diverse state known for military strength, administration, cultural patronage and architectural development.

30

1839

The Death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Maharaja Ranjit Singh dies in Lahore, beginning a period of political instability that eventually leads to the decline of the Sikh Empire.

1845

The British in Punjab

The final period examines Punjab under British rule, from the Anglo-Sikh Wars and annexation through religious and cultural revival, migration, military service, anti-colonial movements, the Gurdwara Reform Movement, and the experience of Sikhs during the World Wars.

31

1845–46

The First Anglo-Sikh War

Conflict between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company leads to major battles and the Treaty of Lahore.

32

1848–49

The Second Anglo-Sikh War

Renewed conflict ends with British victory and fundamentally changes the political future of Punjab.

33

1849

The Annexation of Punjab

The British East India Company annexes Punjab, bringing the former Sikh Empire under colonial administration.

34

1849

The Fall of the Sikh Kingdom

The annexation ends the independent Sikh state and begins a new era of political, economic and social transformation.

35

1873

The Singh Sabha Movement Begins

The Singh Sabha movement emerges to strengthen Sikh identity, education, religious knowledge and community institutions during colonial rule.

36

1891

Bhai Vir Singh and the Punjabi Literary Revival

Bhai Vir Singh helps shape modern Punjabi literature, contributing significantly to Sikh literary, cultural and educational revival.

37

1897

The Battle of Saragarhi

Twenty-one Sikh soldiers defend Saragarhi against a much larger attacking force, becoming remembered for their resistance and sacrifice.

38

1905–12

The Sikh Diaspora Takes Root

Sikh migration expands across North America, Southeast Asia, East Africa and other regions, establishing new communities beyond Punjab.

39

1909

The Anand Marriage Act

The British Indian government legally recognizes the Anand marriage ceremony, giving Sikh marriage traditions formal legal recognition.

40

1914–18

Sikh Soldiers in the First World War

Large numbers of Sikh soldiers serve across multiple theatres during the First World War, contributing significantly to the British Indian Army.

41

1919

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

British troops fire on a gathering in Amritsar, killing and injuring civilians and becoming a defining event in India's independence movement.

42

1920–25

The Gurdwara Reform Movement

Sikh communities organize a sustained movement to bring historic gurdwaras under community management and establish accountable religious institutions.

43

1931

Bhagat Singh and the Revolutionary Movement

Bhagat Singh becomes an influential figure in India's anti-colonial movement through his revolutionary activities and writings.

44

1940

Udham Singh and the Memory of Jallianwala Bagh

Udham Singh kills Michael O'Dwyer in London, identifying his action with the memory of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

45

1939–45

Sikh Soldiers in the Second World War

Sikh soldiers serve extensively during the Second World War across Europe, Africa, Asia and the Middle East.

1469

The Guru Period

The Guru Period traces the formation and development of the Sikh tradition from the birth of Guru Nanak Dev Ji through the ten Gurus. It covers the growth of the Sikh community, its institutions, sacred scripture, Miri-Piri, major martyrdoms, the creation of the Khalsa, and the transition of spiritual authority to Guru Granth Sahib.

1

1469

The Birth of Guru Nanak

Guru Nanak Dev Ji is born at Rai Bhoi Ki Talwandi, beginning a spiritual journey that would transform religious and social thought in Punjab.

2

1500s

The Founding of the Sikh Community

Guru Nanak establishes a community centred on one God, honest living, equality, remembrance of the Divine, and service to humanity.

3

1539

Guru Angad and the Gurmukhi Tradition

Guru Angad Dev Ji strengthens the Sikh community and develops Gurmukhi as a script for recording and sharing the teachings.

4

1552

Guru Amar Das and Sikh Institutions

Guru Amar Das Ji expands the Sikh community, strengthens the langar tradition, and establishes important administrative and social institutions.

5

1574

Guru Ram Das and the Founding of Amritsar

Guru Ram Das Ji establishes Ramdaspur, which grows into Amritsar, one of the most important spiritual centres of Sikhism.

6

1581

Guru Arjan Becomes the Fifth Guru

Guru Arjan Dev Ji leads the Sikh community during a period of significant growth and oversees the development of Amritsar.

7

1604

The Adi Granth is Installed

Guru Arjan Dev Ji compiles the Adi Granth, bringing together the sacred compositions of the Sikh Gurus and other spiritual traditions.

8

1606

The Martyrdom of Guru Arjan

Guru Arjan Dev Ji becomes the first Sikh Guru to be martyred, profoundly shaping the Sikh understanding of faith, courage and sacrifice.

9

1606

Miri-Piri and the Akal Takht

Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji establishes the Akal Takht and articulates the principle of Miri-Piri, connecting spiritual authority with temporal responsibility.

10

1644

Guru Har Rai and the Sikh Community

Guru Har Rai Ji continues the Sikh tradition while emphasizing compassion, service, spiritual discipline and protection of the vulnerable.

11

1661

Guru Har Krishan and Service to Humanity

Guru Har Krishan Ji serves communities affected by illness in Delhi, becoming remembered for compassion, humility and selfless service.

12

1675

The Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur

Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji sacrifices his life defending freedom of conscience and religious belief, becoming a powerful symbol of resistance to oppression.

13

1699

The Creation of the Khalsa

Guru Gobind Singh Ji establishes the Khalsa at Anandpur Sahib, creating a disciplined community committed to courage, equality and spiritual sovereignty.

14

1705

The Sahibzade and the Great Martyrdoms

The younger Sahibzade are executed at Sirhind while the elder Sahibzade die in battle, becoming enduring symbols of courage and sacrifice.

15

1708

Guru Granth Sahib — The Eternal Guru

Guru Gobind Singh Ji declares the Guru Granth Sahib the eternal Guru, establishing the scripture as the continuing spiritual authority of the Sikhs.

1708

Warrior Saints & The Sikh Empire

The second period follows the Sikh community’s transformation into a major political and military power. It covers Banda Singh Bahadur, resistance and martyrdom, the Ghallugharas, the rise of the Sikh Misls, the capture of Lahore, and the consolidation and expansion of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Sikh Empire.

16

1708

Banda Singh Bahadur Takes Up the Khalsa Cause

Banda Singh Bahadur begins a campaign in Punjab inspired by Guru Gobind Singh Ji, challenging Mughal authority and establishing Sikh-controlled territories.

17

1710

The Khalsa Revolt and the Rise of Sikh Rule

Banda Singh Bahadur captures important territories, introduces administrative changes and establishes an early form of Sikh political authority.

18

1716

The Martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur

Banda Singh Bahadur and his companions are executed in Delhi, becoming symbols of resistance, sacrifice and commitment to the Khalsa.

19

1738–39

Nadir Shah Invades Punjab

Nadir Shah's invasion exposes political instability while Sikh groups increasingly emerge as an independent force in Punjab.

20

1746

The Chhota Ghallughara

Mughal forces attack Sikh communities near Kahnuwan, resulting in significant casualties and becoming remembered as the First Sikh Holocaust.

21

1757

Baba Deep Singh and the Defence of Amritsar

Baba Deep Singh Ji leads Sikh forces towards Amritsar, fighting to defend the sanctity of the Harmandir Sahib.

22

1762

The Vadda Ghallughara

Ahmad Shah Durrani's forces attack Sikh groups near Kup-Rohira, causing devastating losses but failing to eliminate the Sikh community.

23

1765

The Sikhs Capture Lahore

Sikh forces enter Lahore and establish control, marking a significant step toward independent Sikh political authority in Punjab.

24

1760s–1780s

The Rise of the Sikh Misls

Twelve major Sikh confederacies emerge across Punjab, developing military, political and territorial networks that shape the future Sikh state.

25

1783

Baghel Singh and the Sikhs in Delhi

Sikh forces under Baghel Singh enter Delhi and establish control over several historic gurdwara sites associated with Sikh history.

26

1799

Ranjit Singh Captures Lahore

Ranjit Singh captures Lahore, establishing the political centre from which he would consolidate territories across Punjab.

27

1801

Maharaja Ranjit Singh is Crowned

Ranjit Singh assumes the title of Maharaja, marking the formal emergence of the Sikh Empire under his leadership.

28

1818

The Sikh Empire Expands Across Punjab

Sikh forces expand westward and southward, bringing large parts of Punjab and neighbouring territories under the Sikh Empire.

29

1830s

The Golden Age of the Sikh Empire

Lahore becomes the centre of a powerful and diverse state known for military strength, administration, cultural patronage and architectural development.

30

1839

The Death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Maharaja Ranjit Singh dies in Lahore, beginning a period of political instability that eventually leads to the decline of the Sikh Empire.

1845

The British in Punjab

The final period examines Punjab under British rule, from the Anglo-Sikh Wars and annexation through religious and cultural revival, migration, military service, anti-colonial movements, the Gurdwara Reform Movement, and the experience of Sikhs during the World Wars.

31

1845–46

The First Anglo-Sikh War

Conflict between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company leads to major battles and the Treaty of Lahore.

32

1848–49

The Second Anglo-Sikh War

Renewed conflict ends with British victory and fundamentally changes the political future of Punjab.

33

1849

The Annexation of Punjab

The British East India Company annexes Punjab, bringing the former Sikh Empire under colonial administration.

34

1849

The Fall of the Sikh Kingdom

The annexation ends the independent Sikh state and begins a new era of political, economic and social transformation.

35

1873

The Singh Sabha Movement Begins

The Singh Sabha movement emerges to strengthen Sikh identity, education, religious knowledge and community institutions during colonial rule.

36

1891

Bhai Vir Singh and the Punjabi Literary Revival

Bhai Vir Singh helps shape modern Punjabi literature, contributing significantly to Sikh literary, cultural and educational revival.

37

1897

The Battle of Saragarhi

Twenty-one Sikh soldiers defend Saragarhi against a much larger attacking force, becoming remembered for their resistance and sacrifice.

38

1905–12

The Sikh Diaspora Takes Root

Sikh migration expands across North America, Southeast Asia, East Africa and other regions, establishing new communities beyond Punjab.

39

1909

The Anand Marriage Act

The British Indian government legally recognizes the Anand marriage ceremony, giving Sikh marriage traditions formal legal recognition.

40

1914–18

Sikh Soldiers in the First World War

Large numbers of Sikh soldiers serve across multiple theatres during the First World War, contributing significantly to the British Indian Army.

41

1919

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

British troops fire on a gathering in Amritsar, killing and injuring civilians and becoming a defining event in India's independence movement.

42

1920–25

The Gurdwara Reform Movement

Sikh communities organize a sustained movement to bring historic gurdwaras under community management and establish accountable religious institutions.

43

1931

Bhagat Singh and the Revolutionary Movement

Bhagat Singh becomes an influential figure in India's anti-colonial movement through his revolutionary activities and writings.

44

1940

Udham Singh and the Memory of Jallianwala Bagh

Udham Singh kills Michael O'Dwyer in London, identifying his action with the memory of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

45

1939–45

Sikh Soldiers in the Second World War

Sikh soldiers serve extensively during the Second World War across Europe, Africa, Asia and the Middle East.

1469

The Guru Period

The Guru Period traces the formation and development of the Sikh tradition from the birth of Guru Nanak Dev Ji through the ten Gurus. It covers the growth of the Sikh community, its institutions, sacred scripture, Miri-Piri, major martyrdoms, the creation of the Khalsa, and the transition of spiritual authority to Guru Granth Sahib.

1

1469

The Birth of Guru Nanak

Guru Nanak Dev Ji is born at Rai Bhoi Ki Talwandi, beginning a spiritual journey that would transform religious and social thought in Punjab.

2

1500s

The Founding of the Sikh Community

Guru Nanak establishes a community centred on one God, honest living, equality, remembrance of the Divine, and service to humanity.

3

1539

Guru Angad and the Gurmukhi Tradition

Guru Angad Dev Ji strengthens the Sikh community and develops Gurmukhi as a script for recording and sharing the teachings.

4

1552

Guru Amar Das and Sikh Institutions

Guru Amar Das Ji expands the Sikh community, strengthens the langar tradition, and establishes important administrative and social institutions.

5

1574

Guru Ram Das and the Founding of Amritsar

Guru Ram Das Ji establishes Ramdaspur, which grows into Amritsar, one of the most important spiritual centres of Sikhism.

6

1581

Guru Arjan Becomes the Fifth Guru

Guru Arjan Dev Ji leads the Sikh community during a period of significant growth and oversees the development of Amritsar.

7

1604

The Adi Granth is Installed

Guru Arjan Dev Ji compiles the Adi Granth, bringing together the sacred compositions of the Sikh Gurus and other spiritual traditions.

8

1606

The Martyrdom of Guru Arjan

Guru Arjan Dev Ji becomes the first Sikh Guru to be martyred, profoundly shaping the Sikh understanding of faith, courage and sacrifice.

9

1606

Miri-Piri and the Akal Takht

Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji establishes the Akal Takht and articulates the principle of Miri-Piri, connecting spiritual authority with temporal responsibility.

10

1644

Guru Har Rai and the Sikh Community

Guru Har Rai Ji continues the Sikh tradition while emphasizing compassion, service, spiritual discipline and protection of the vulnerable.

11

1661

Guru Har Krishan and Service to Humanity

Guru Har Krishan Ji serves communities affected by illness in Delhi, becoming remembered for compassion, humility and selfless service.

12

1675

The Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur

Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji sacrifices his life defending freedom of conscience and religious belief, becoming a powerful symbol of resistance to oppression.

13

1699

The Creation of the Khalsa

Guru Gobind Singh Ji establishes the Khalsa at Anandpur Sahib, creating a disciplined community committed to courage, equality and spiritual sovereignty.

14

1705

The Sahibzade and the Great Martyrdoms

The younger Sahibzade are executed at Sirhind while the elder Sahibzade die in battle, becoming enduring symbols of courage and sacrifice.

15

1708

Guru Granth Sahib — The Eternal Guru

Guru Gobind Singh Ji declares the Guru Granth Sahib the eternal Guru, establishing the scripture as the continuing spiritual authority of the Sikhs.

1708

Warrior Saints & The Sikh Empire

The second period follows the Sikh community’s transformation into a major political and military power. It covers Banda Singh Bahadur, resistance and martyrdom, the Ghallugharas, the rise of the Sikh Misls, the capture of Lahore, and the consolidation and expansion of Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s Sikh Empire.

16

1708

Banda Singh Bahadur Takes Up the Khalsa Cause

Banda Singh Bahadur begins a campaign in Punjab inspired by Guru Gobind Singh Ji, challenging Mughal authority and establishing Sikh-controlled territories.

17

1710

The Khalsa Revolt and the Rise of Sikh Rule

Banda Singh Bahadur captures important territories, introduces administrative changes and establishes an early form of Sikh political authority.

18

1716

The Martyrdom of Banda Singh Bahadur

Banda Singh Bahadur and his companions are executed in Delhi, becoming symbols of resistance, sacrifice and commitment to the Khalsa.

19

1738–39

Nadir Shah Invades Punjab

Nadir Shah's invasion exposes political instability while Sikh groups increasingly emerge as an independent force in Punjab.

20

1746

The Chhota Ghallughara

Mughal forces attack Sikh communities near Kahnuwan, resulting in significant casualties and becoming remembered as the First Sikh Holocaust.

21

1757

Baba Deep Singh and the Defence of Amritsar

Baba Deep Singh Ji leads Sikh forces towards Amritsar, fighting to defend the sanctity of the Harmandir Sahib.

22

1762

The Vadda Ghallughara

Ahmad Shah Durrani's forces attack Sikh groups near Kup-Rohira, causing devastating losses but failing to eliminate the Sikh community.

23

1765

The Sikhs Capture Lahore

Sikh forces enter Lahore and establish control, marking a significant step toward independent Sikh political authority in Punjab.

24

1760s–1780s

The Rise of the Sikh Misls

Twelve major Sikh confederacies emerge across Punjab, developing military, political and territorial networks that shape the future Sikh state.

25

1783

Baghel Singh and the Sikhs in Delhi

Sikh forces under Baghel Singh enter Delhi and establish control over several historic gurdwara sites associated with Sikh history.

26

1799

Ranjit Singh Captures Lahore

Ranjit Singh captures Lahore, establishing the political centre from which he would consolidate territories across Punjab.

27

1801

Maharaja Ranjit Singh is Crowned

Ranjit Singh assumes the title of Maharaja, marking the formal emergence of the Sikh Empire under his leadership.

28

1818

The Sikh Empire Expands Across Punjab

Sikh forces expand westward and southward, bringing large parts of Punjab and neighbouring territories under the Sikh Empire.

29

1830s

The Golden Age of the Sikh Empire

Lahore becomes the centre of a powerful and diverse state known for military strength, administration, cultural patronage and architectural development.

30

1839

The Death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Maharaja Ranjit Singh dies in Lahore, beginning a period of political instability that eventually leads to the decline of the Sikh Empire.

1845

The British in Punjab

The final period examines Punjab under British rule, from the Anglo-Sikh Wars and annexation through religious and cultural revival, migration, military service, anti-colonial movements, the Gurdwara Reform Movement, and the experience of Sikhs during the World Wars.

31

1845–46

The First Anglo-Sikh War

Conflict between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company leads to major battles and the Treaty of Lahore.

32

1848–49

The Second Anglo-Sikh War

Renewed conflict ends with British victory and fundamentally changes the political future of Punjab.

33

1849

The Annexation of Punjab

The British East India Company annexes Punjab, bringing the former Sikh Empire under colonial administration.

34

1849

The Fall of the Sikh Kingdom

The annexation ends the independent Sikh state and begins a new era of political, economic and social transformation.

35

1873

The Singh Sabha Movement Begins

The Singh Sabha movement emerges to strengthen Sikh identity, education, religious knowledge and community institutions during colonial rule.

36

1891

Bhai Vir Singh and the Punjabi Literary Revival

Bhai Vir Singh helps shape modern Punjabi literature, contributing significantly to Sikh literary, cultural and educational revival.

37

1897

The Battle of Saragarhi

Twenty-one Sikh soldiers defend Saragarhi against a much larger attacking force, becoming remembered for their resistance and sacrifice.

38

1905–12

The Sikh Diaspora Takes Root

Sikh migration expands across North America, Southeast Asia, East Africa and other regions, establishing new communities beyond Punjab.

39

1909

The Anand Marriage Act

The British Indian government legally recognizes the Anand marriage ceremony, giving Sikh marriage traditions formal legal recognition.

40

1914–18

Sikh Soldiers in the First World War

Large numbers of Sikh soldiers serve across multiple theatres during the First World War, contributing significantly to the British Indian Army.

41

1919

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

British troops fire on a gathering in Amritsar, killing and injuring civilians and becoming a defining event in India's independence movement.

42

1920–25

The Gurdwara Reform Movement

Sikh communities organize a sustained movement to bring historic gurdwaras under community management and establish accountable religious institutions.

43

1931

Bhagat Singh and the Revolutionary Movement

Bhagat Singh becomes an influential figure in India's anti-colonial movement through his revolutionary activities and writings.

44

1940

Udham Singh and the Memory of Jallianwala Bagh

Udham Singh kills Michael O'Dwyer in London, identifying his action with the memory of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

45

1939–45

Sikh Soldiers in the Second World War

Sikh soldiers serve extensively during the Second World War across Europe, Africa, Asia and the Middle East.